Filament deposition (FDM)

3D printing by filament deposition, commonly known as FDM (Fused Deposition Modellingis the most widespread additive manufacturing technology in the world. Whether you are a passionate individual or an industrialist seeking rapid prototyping, FDM offers an unparalleled balance of cost, simplicity, and material diversity.

What is FDM technology?

The FDM process consists of melting a thermoplastic filament through a heated nozzle. This nozzle moves according to precise coordinates to deposit the material layer by layer onto a build plate, until the final object is formed.

How does a filament deposition 3D printer work?

1. Preparation: The 3D file (STL or OBJ) is sliced using «slicing» software.

2. Extrusion The filament is fed towards the print head.

3. Deposit The nozzle heats the plastic (often between 190°C and 260°C) and deposits it.

4. Solidification The plastic hardens almost instantly on contact with the air or the build plate.

Advantages and Disadvantages of FDM

Before choosing this technology for your projects, here is a comparison of the strengths and limitations of filament deposition.

What materials should you choose for your 3D prints?

The success of an FDM print relies on the choice of filament. Here are the most commonly used ones:

• PLA (Polylactic Acid): The easiest to print, biodegradable, and odourless. Ideal for decoration and visual prototyping.

• PETG: The perfect compromise. As strong as ABS but as easy to print as PLA. Water and UV resistant.

• ABS Ultra-resistant to shocks and heat, but requires a heated bed and an enclosed chamber.

• TPU (Flexible) : For flexible parts such as gaskets, phone cases, or model car tyres.

Common applications of wire deposition

FDM printing is no longer confined to desktop gadgets. It's now at the heart of several sectors:

Rapid prototyping

Test the form and ergonomics of a product in just a few hours, at a negligible cost.

2. Industrial tooling

Creation of custom jigs, fixtures, or drilling guides for production lines.

3. Replacement parts

Repairing everyday objects by reprinting a broken part that is no longer commercially available.

Foire aux questions

What is the accuracy of an FDM 3D printer?

Most standard printers offer a layer thickness ranging from 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm. Professional models can go down to 0.05 mm for a smoother finish.

Is FDM suitable for food-grade parts?

Although some filaments are certified «food contact», the natural porosity of FDM layers can harbour bacteria. Post-processing (food-grade resin) is generally recommended.

Do you need an enclosed printer for FDM printing?

For PLA, no. However, for technical materials like’ABS or the Nylon, a subwoofer is essential to avoid the warping (part detachment due to thermal shock).

Expert tip: To optimise your costs, favour PLA for your volume tests and switch to technical materials (Carbon, PETG) only for the final version of your part.